Ethical Considerations in the Use of Force in Ontario: A Guide for Security Professionals

Introduction

Security guards in Ontario play a vital role in maintaining safety, preventing crimes, and protecting property. However, situations may arise where the use of force becomes necessary. The challenge lies in ensuring that force is applied ethically, legally, and proportionally. Understanding the legal frameworks, ethical principles, and best practices surrounding the use of force is crucial for security professionals.

In this guide, we will explore the ethical considerations in the use of force, focusing on proportionality, necessity, and respect for human rights. We will also discuss Ontario’s legal framework, including the Private Security and Investigative Services Act (PSISA) and relevant sections of the Criminal Code of Canada.

Understanding the Use of Force in Security

The term “use of force” refers to any physical action taken to control, restrain, or defend against an individual. Security guards may use force for:

• Self-defense or protecting others from harm.
• Preventing property damage or theft.
• Detaining an individual until law enforcement arrives.

Security guards must follow the legal framework set by the PSISA, ensuring their actions align with ethical and professional standards.

Key Ethical Principles in the Use of Force

1. Proportionality

What It Means:

• The level of force must match the threat posed by the individual.
• Excessive force can result in legal consequences, reputational damage, and injuries.

Example: If a shoplifter is uncooperative but not physically aggressive, striking them would be disproportionate. Instead, verbal de-escalation and minimal restraint techniques should be prioritized.

2. Necessity

What It Means:

• Force should only be used as a last resort.
• Verbal communication and de-escalation techniques should be attempted first.

Example: If an individual is verbally confrontational but not physically aggressive, security guards should focus on negotiation and calming strategies instead of resorting to physical force.

3. Respect for Human Rights

What It Means:

• Every individual has fundamental rights under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the Ontario Human Rights Code.
• When using force, security guards must act with dignity and professionalism.

Example: If a security guard needs to detain an individual, they should ensure minimal physical restraint and avoid excessive or unnecessary actions that could harm or humiliate the person.

Legal Framework Governing the Use of Force in Ontario

The Private Security and Investigative Services Act (PSISA)

The PSISA governs the conduct of security professionals in Ontario. Key provisions include:

• Authorization & Limitations: Security guards can use force only when necessary, ensuring that it is reasonable and proportionate.
• Training Requirements: Security professionals must complete certified training in use of force and de-escalation techniques.
• Reporting Obligations: Any use of force must be documented in an incident report and, if required, reported to law enforcement.

Relevant Sections of the Canadian Criminal Code

• Section 25: Authorizes reasonable force when acting under legal authority.
• Section 26: Holds individuals criminally responsible for excessive force.
• Section 27: Allows reasonable force to prevent a crime.
• Section 34: Permits reasonable force for self-defense.
• Section 35: Allows force to protect property.

Security guards must be fully aware of these legal provisions to ensure compliance and avoid liability.

Ethical Decision-Making in Practice

Assessing Situations Ethically

Security guards must evaluate situations by:

✅ Assessing the Threat: Observe the individual’s behavior, potential dangers, and the necessity of intervention. ✅ Exploring Alternative Actions: Prioritize verbal warnings, de-escalation techniques, and assistance from colleagues. ✅ Applying Legal and Ethical Standards: Ensure all actions comply with PSISA guidelines, employer policies, and the law.

Common Ethical Dilemmas

• Dealing with a Non-Violent Trespasser:
  • Instead of immediate physical removal, security should attempt verbal persuasion and offer the individual an opportunity to comply.
• Responding to a Theft in Progress:
  • Assess whether physical intervention is necessary or whether reporting to law enforcement is the safer and more ethical choice.

The Role of Training in Ethical Use of Force

Proper training is essential for security guards to handle confrontations safely and professionally. Training should cover:

📌 De-escalation Strategies – Learning verbal and psychological techniques to prevent escalation. 📌 Situational Awareness – Recognizing potential threats before force is needed. 📌 Use of Force Continuum – Understanding the progressive levels of force.

Investing in proper training helps security guards develop the skills necessary to handle complex situations ethically and lawfully.

Conclusion: Upholding Ethics in Security Operations

Security guards in Ontario have a legal and ethical responsibility to use force only when necessary and proportionate. By adhering to proportionality, necessity, and respect for human rights, security professionals ensure their actions remain ethical, legal, and effective.

Enhance Your Skills with Professional Training

To ensure you are well-prepared to handle real-world security situations, consider enrolling in a certified Use of Force and Handcuffing Course. Learn de-escalation techniques, legal guidelines, and ethical best practices to advance your career in security.

Invest in your professional development today!